Africa

=**Africa**=

** Essential Questions **: -People may not like the political change if it is views that they do not believe in. They may disagree with the government or become angry if they do not like political change that was caused. People have their own opinions and ideas can clashStruggle for power Still disagreements with what to do with policy.
 * **How can political change cause conflict**

-If there is a strong sense of nationalism in a country then those people, government, etc., will most likely have a strong sense of pride and be happy in their country. It will create unity and a strong bond in the country. They think they are inferior Can cause conflict
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**

-If relationships are not good between nations, they may not trade with each other or they might have things like sanctions. This affects what the people of those countries get for goods or trade. -Nationalism, sense of community, similar views and ideas, common goals. Tragedies, culture, holidays, language
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**

__**Comments on Africa From Video:**__ Added Notes From another video on Africa:
 * China is a large manufacturing power which was about to be overtaken by Europe
 * Europeans found China would buy opium
 * Created a lot of drug addicts and threatened trade
 * China saw this an unfair trade practices
 * Imperialism first started in China
 * Scramble for Africa was European countries trying to get colonies in Africa
 * European colonized basically all of Africa
 * Wanted to for industrialization
 * Europeans wanted colonies to secure sources which would grow industrial economies
 * Couldn't take over Africa right away due to diseases
 * Their horses would die as soon as they went inland so it was hard to take over
 * Africa also had weapons that matched theirs (swords)
 * Europeans had to wait for technological advances to take over Africa
 * Guns allows Europeans to take over Africa
 * European imperialism involved a lot of fighting and a lot of dying
 * Died from either war or disease
 * Africa resisted and fought back but they were not able to win
 * Europeans used other people to rule their colonies
 * Europeans could always rely on their superior military technology to coerce their rulers into what they wanted
 * Rulers did receive some benefits from them
 * Ethiopia became the only country not to be colonized
 * Africa had an abundance of resources such as cotton and types of fuels for industrialization
 * Depended on intermediary governments to rule Africa (Europe needed people to govern Africa, Asia, South America)
 * In the late 1800's European Imperialists gained control of much of Africa
 * Imperialism brought wealth and power to Europeans
 * People living in colonies were often oppressed, abused, and sometimes even killed
 * Purpose of imperialism was to gain resources and expand power
 * African nations were troubled by economic weakness and political division
 * Slave Trade reduced population of Africa and led to tribal warfare
 * New weapons and other inventions from the industrial revolution gave Europeans more control and made it easier to take over
 * Europeans missionaries tried to get Africans to follow western ideas
 * Many Europeans exploited the and and the people
 * Congo was one of the worst treated and populations declined quickly
 * Josephs Conrad saw the effects and darkness of imperialism
 * Scramble for colonies to be claimed
 * Only Liberia and Ethiopia resisted European colonization by early 1900's
 * Europeans thought imperialism was a noble task

**__Map Questions:__**
https://docs.google.com/document/d/122KGI1z6V7oufMsLK2zHeWGPXe4URrhyAzUwQbIE3gs/edit?usp=sharing

__**Quote:**__
** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. ** ** By Karl Liebknecht ** I think that this quote means that imperialism is done worldwide. It is not happening in one section of the world but it spreads throughout the globe and causes destruction, like a cyclone would when it hits land. The militarism part means that whenever a country tried to take over another country there was usually a lot of fighting to do that so it would require a lot of military action to gain control of these lands and the fighting killed many people. When it describes imperialism sucking the blood like a vampire it is because when taking over these colonies and establishing them many people were killed, especially in Africa. Sucking the blood can refer to the killing of the people due to all the military action. Liebknecht is against the idea of imperialism because it harms people and places. Maxim Gun: crushed people Come in with advanced technology They take everything and "rape" countries of their raw materials leaving nothing for them

__**Scramble for Africa Markup:**__
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EmP8pQwt7SDJTcFZ_LwxjhIwIQy9ZpO9-EXoM3yp4GU/edit?usp=sharing

__**Picture Detective:**__
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tYcDo5Z5QLFTtzf0ha_osXdwLLsXxEmzz1qwe_KR4D4/edit?usp=sharing

__**New Imperialism GO**__
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kJmUd7_jb5xN2WE5_itEcWa9VjI5CiS7eIbishZ_WGg/edit?usp=sharing

__**White Man's Burden**__
1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? Prestige and reward from heaven. This was a good deed and they fulfilled their duty. 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? If you were an imperialist you would support the poem 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? "Go send your sons to exile to serve your captive's needs" I found these lines interesting as it showed how they could not just take over a land but had to fight for it. The people of the country went to these lands to fight and gain control of the territory because they needed to get the materials and land for their country. The needs of these people were the raw materials located in Africa so they had to fight to get there.

__**Black Man's Burden**__
The message of this poem is describing what the Black ma's Burden is. This burden is about how the black man had to put up with defending their countries and protecting each other from the white men that are trying to take them over. They know they are worth more and so are their countries so they are going to honor their countries and fight back. Supports the people who are being affected by imperialism. Does not like imperialism. Lines: "In vain ye seek to end it, With bullets, blood or death Better by far defend it With honor’s holy breath"

__**Berlin Conference**__
https://docs.google.com/document/d/16eMLZZzI1O1uhkJ2W9xWPZMd8vqLRcXca7HSQCKLYwM/edit?usp=sharing

5 words to describe Berlin Conference:
 * 1) Europeans
 * 2) Africa
 * 3) Materials
 * 4) Competition
 * 5) Territory
 * 6) Divisions
 * 7) Agreement
 * 8) Inconsiderate
 * 9) Effective
 * 10) Social Darwinism
 * 11) Prestige
 * 12) Respect

__**Document 1:**__
1.) "Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 Questions to consider: He believes that imperialism is wrong and that it should not be allowed to happen. The events that might of happened is that he may have seen other African countries around him being colonized or he went through the struggles of almost being taken over but he fought against it. He has seen other countries begin taken over and fought so that his country was not. He may have seen the struggles that other African countries were facing during colonization and he did not want it to happen to his country. He may have saw how they struggled and realized that this was not right and something needs to be done. This quote related to imperialism in Africa because Ethiopia was one of the only countries who did not become colonized by a European nation. This shows the views of their leader and how he fought so that imperialism would not take over his country as he sees its downsides and how he does not want it to happen to his own country. People never cared a lot about imperialism especially since many of the white European nations wanted it and other African countries had it happen to them so no one was truly sticking up.
 * **What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?**
 * **Why might the author be making this statement?**
 * **How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.**

__**Document 2:**__
2.) **"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.

I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.

The author is Jules Ferry who was the Prime minister of France twice. His viewpoint is that imperialism is a good thing and that the higher races have a superiority over the lower races and have to the duty to control them and help them to prosper. That the European races are superior to the African races and have the duty to help them. He also says that for his country to prosper they need safe places to be for things such as the Navy so they can be secure. He also says the the superior racers, Europeans, have tho civilize the inferior races, the Africans. He may be giving this speech to promote imperialism and colonial expansion for the French. It is given to the French Chamber of Deputies so he may be trying to convince them to promote imperialism. The purpose of this speech was most likely to show how the French can benefit from imperialism and what it will do for them. He is trying to promote it so in the speech he wants to show how imperialism is necessary and will provide benefits for the French and how it is their duty. It shows you how the European nations thought they were superior and held control over the rest of the world. They thought they were the most superior and that it was their duty to civilize the inferior nations, such as the ones in Africa. This shows how the Europeans thought they could control everybody and were the most superior to everyone else.
 * **Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?**
 * **What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?**
 * **Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?**
 * **What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?**

__**Document 3:**__
3.) **"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1892.Artists: Linley Sambourne**


 * ** Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias? **

The political cartoon was published in London during 1892. The impact this might have is that it is going to show that imperialism is a good thing. Britain was for imperialism and the time this was published was when they were scrambling for Africa so the artist most likely believed that imperialism in Africa was a good ting since that was the goals of his country. The meaning of the title shows how Europe had basically total control over Africa. Cairo is all the way at the north of Africa and Cape Town is all the way at the south of Africa, and since the man is striding from one town to the other, it shows how the Europeans have a hold on all of Africa and they are controlling almost all of the nations in Africa, from north to south. Being depicted is Cecil Rhodes, a British man. What I see is the man, Africa, strings coming from his hands on each side, arms stretched out, a hat and a gun. The artist's viewpoint is that imperialism is a good thing and it is good that Europe had control over Africa. You can tell his because the man has his arms stretched out and looks as though he has just conquered something and is proud of it. He represents a European and showing how they took control over Africa and he agrees with that.
 * ** What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo) **
 * ** Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see? **
 * ** What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim? **

__** Document 4: **__
//**4.) Moshweshewe: Letter ton Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**//. Markup: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1TMCUBQNscAeLg6RmzshKqSwV4roVtJ9ZsZqeBoN8rjQ/edit?usp=sharing The author of this letter is Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of Basutos in South Africa. Hew is writing the letter because he wants to address the fact that the Europeans are taking over the land of Africa. His purpose is to explain how he did not understand the white men had this much power and he is upset with how they are going about colonizing the land. The Boers are the people of Dutch descent who lived in South Africa Sir Harry Smith was the governor of a colony in South Africa I do think the letter was successful in fulfilling it's purpose because it showed what the white people were doing to them in Africa and showed how they were taking over their land. He explains how "the Boers went further and further day by day in troubling" and taking land from the people. He also explained how the Boers considered the "farms their own" which proved the economy and markets the Europeans were trying to establish in Africa.
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

__**Document 5**__:
5.) **Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.

They were treated as though they were slaves. They made the Africans carry their things, were overbearing, harmed the women, and shot them or fought against them. They did not have the resources that the white people had. The whites had machine guns, big guns, and rifles that they used to take down the Africans. The Africans did not have this so they were unsuccessful, if they did have this, they may have made progress.
 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**
 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**

__**Document 6:**__
6.) **Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.**

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice

The author of this source is Mojimba, an African chief. The British and white men were clearly the strongest in this battle. The white men had the Africans "dead, bleeding" and their village "plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies." The Africans were the weaker side and struggled fighting as their "brothers continued to fall." The Chief's opinion of the British people is that they are "wicked" people and have "sickness in [their] heads." The Chief sees them as very bad people.
 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**

__**Document 7:**__
7.) **Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.

The message is was trying to send was that the Africans are superstitious and believed that just taking a "medicine" would help them to be better and win. He claims how the people claimed that " a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man." Her then continues how the Africans believed that the medicine would give them "invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets." I think the Africans made such claims because the Africans most likely held these beliefs in their culture. Their culture may have held these beliefs for years and years and years and it has been passed on. The Africans felt like the Europeans were taking them over, which they were, and most likely wanted to hold onto a piece of something that was theirs, such as the superstitious ideas.
 * ** What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim **
 * ** Why do you think the Africans made such claims? **

__** Document 8: **__
8.) Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.

The person in this photo looks determined as he most likely did what he needed to do. He does not look happy but maybe in a sense, he is accomplished. The other objects I see are a gun, and a dead elephant who is laying on the ground. The man most likely looks accomplished because he wanted to kill this animal for something. The economic implications is that the white men most likely killed animals to use them for their personal benefit to gain more materials and uses from them. The social implciations might be that the white men did not care what they were doing in Africa and what affect it had on the land, people, and animals, but instead that they just needed to be there to gain the materials they needed and not worry what they left behind.
 * **Describe the person and objects in this photo.**
 * **What is the purpose of the photograph?** The purpose of this photograph is to show how the white men also came in and took the animal from Africa to sue to their benefit, even if it meant killing them.
 * **What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?**

__**Document 9:**__
9.)

The industries that benefited were the industrialization industry, food industry, clothing industry, health and beauty industry, jewelry industry, and electrical industry. I feel like Great Britain had the most valuable colonies. Their colonies had an abundance of metals and electrical things that would help them with industrialization. European countries needed raw materials from Africa for one of the main reasons of industrialization so since Britain had these materials that were needed for industrialization they are the ones who had the colonies that were most valuable.
 * ** What European industries benefited from African resources?**
 * ** Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why ? **

It can be used to explain the primary reason for colonization in Africa as you can see all the materials they obtained. Each country had colonies with many different types of raw materials that would benefit their country and especially industrialization. Since they all had so much you can clearly see that one of the main reasons they were there was to get the raw materials.
 * **How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?**

__**Document 10:**__
10.) "Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy. Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962 He claimed that the Europeans were trying to strip them of their independence and confidence in themselves. He also says that Africa has the best raw materials and the Europeans are turning the lands into their own economy.
 * **In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?**